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Cryospace, a joint-venture of Air Liquide and EADS Launch Vehicles, has delivered the liquid hydrogen tank for the first flight model of Ariane 5's ESC-A upper stage. Built in Les Mureaux, near Paris, the tank, which features a dome-shaped bulkhead to house the liquid oxygen tank, will be shipped to Astrium GmbH in Bremen, Germany, for integration into the stage. The maiden flight of the ESC-A, on an Ariane 5ECA, is tentatively scheduled for July 2002.

International Launch Services announces that it has signed contracts for 12 launches in 2001. These include five launches on GKNPTs Khrunichev Proton vehicles with Alcatel Space for two SES Americom satellites, with Echostar Corp. for Echostar 8, with Société Européenne des Satellites for Astra 1K and with an unidentified customer for a single satellite. Seven contracts were signed for launches on Lockheed Martin Atlas launchers. Four contracts are for Atlas 5 launches with Eutelsat for Hot Bird 6 on the maiden flight in May 2002, with Inmarsat for one of its Inmarsat 4 series spacecraft and with Lockheed Martin for two launches, one of which was assigned to Télésat Canada's Nimiq 2 direct broadcasting satellite. Two launches were booked on Atlas 3 with Asiasat for its Asiasat 4 satellite and with Echostar for its Echostar 7. Eventually ILS contracted with Space Communications Corp. of Japan to fly its Superbird 6 on the last Atlas 2AS
Editor's note: At least one of the two Alcatel satellites due to fly on Proton has already been cancelled but the launch contract is said to be still valid. The unidentified Proton customer could be Intelsat.

Astrium has delivered the first qualification Vehicle Equipment Bay for Arianespace's new Ariane 5ECA launch vehicle. The VEB will be shipped to Kourou, French Guiana, and mated to an ESC-A cyogenic upper stage to undergo a series of interface testing on the launch pad that will include stage chilldown, fuelling and dumping. The first flight of the Ariane 5ECA is due by mid-2002.

Due to the limited payload capability of the current Proton K/DM combination, the selected Proton vehicle is likely to be a Proton M/Breeze M which was tested once in April. It is the first time since the Intelsat 5 series in the late 70s that Intelsat backs off from its conservative policy of selecting only flight-proven launch systems.

NPO Yuzhnoye has proposed its Zenit 2 vehicle as a candidate launch system to deploy Europe's Galileo constellation of navigation satellites. The other identified bid on this mission is a joint offer by Arianespace and Starsem with a mix of Ariane 5ECB and Soyuz/ST vehicles. Galileo launches are tentatively scheduled to begin in 2004.
Editor's note: The proposed version is likely to be the modernized Zenit 2M featuring digital avionics from Sea Launch's Zenit 3SL version. An upper stage would be needed to complete the satellites deployment on their final 10,000-km-high orbit. Commercial launches of the Zenit 2 for non-Russian customers would be marketed by Sea Launch Co.

NPO Yuzhnoye is studying an upgraded version of the Zenit 3SL launch vehicle with new first stage carrying more propellant to increase the payload capacity to geostationary transfer orbit to 7,500 kg. The new stage will be made of a single liquid oxygen tank with two 22-m long, 2.2-m-diameter strap-on tanks for kerosene. This concept would allow to produce and fly the new vehicle with existing infrastructure.
Editor's note: Sea Launch Co. is not involved in this study and has no plan to introduce this version in the short term according to its chairman & CEO, Wilbur Trafton. Current upgrades of the Zenit 3SL are focusing on a payload increase to GTO from 5,250 kg to 6,000 kg and most of this additional performance will result from a new thrust regime on the second stage's RD-120 engine which will be increased to 912 kN.

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Russia announces that, for the first time in five years, it has successfully completed all planned space launches of its calendar year. In all 23 orbital launches were conducted by the military space forces, including 7 Soyuz Us, 5 Proton Ks, 2 Molniya Ms, 2 Soyuz FGs, one Kosmos 3M, one Proton M and one Start 1 as well as four Ukrainian launchers - two Tsyklon 3s, one Tsyklon 2 and one Zenit 2.
Editor's note: This schedule apparentely does not take into account at least three Proton K launches for International Launch Services which slipped to 2002 (DirecTV-5, Intelsat 903 and Astra 1K). A Soyuz launch, to loft a military reconnaissance satellite, is also suspected to have been postponed.

Boeing's 100th Delta 2 vehicle (a 7920 model) demonstrated high flexibility by delivering two satellites on two different orbits after liftoff from Vandenberg AFB, California. The Jason 1 joint CNES/JPL oceanography spacecraft was first delivered on a 1,320 x 1,330-km orbit with a 66.0° inclination after two burns of the second stage's GenCorp Aerojet AJ10-118K engine. Two more burns enabled the release of NASA's TIMED (Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics and Dynamics) satellite on a lower 627 x 640-km orbit with a 74.1° inclination.
Editor's note: This mission was the second to use the Astrium-designed Dual Payload Attached Fitting (DPAF), a dual launch payload adapter derived from Ariane's Sylda concept. Jason 1 is the first satellite to use the new Proteus multipurpose platform for small satellites jointly developed by Alcatel Space and CNES.

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Editor's note: The GX launcher, formerly known as the J-2 or J-1U, will consist ina hydrocarbon first stage based on a Lockheed Martin Atlas tankage and powered by a Russian NK-33 engine provided by GenCorp Aerojet. The upper stage will be fuelled by liquid methane and liquid oxygen and powered by a new engine developed by IHI. First launch is due in 2006. In addition to IHI anfd MHI, the partners of the Galaxy Express venture are Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd., IHI Aerospace Co. (the former Nissan Aerospace), Japan Aviation Electronics Industry Ltd., Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd. and Kokusai Sohko Co.

NPO Yuzhnoye proposes to turn its military Tsyklon 2 two-stage vehicle in a launcher more suitable for commercial missions. The new version would feature the injection module of a decommissioned RS-22 ballistic missile (SS-24 'Scalpel') as a highly maneuverable upper stage and a redefined launch profile to keep longitudinal accelerations below 7 g. The payload capacity would be 1,800 kg at 750 km altitude and 65° inclination.
Editor's note: The Tsyklon 2 has a reported 100% launch success on 103 missions since 1969.

Eurockot Launch Services GmbH announces that it has signed contracts for two launches on November 19 with an undisclosed customer. The two undisclosed payloads are scheduled to fly on Rokot vehicles by mid-2002 and mid-2003. In addition, Eurockot has contracted with the Czech Academy of Sciences to fly its MIcroaccelerometric Measurement Of Satelite Accelerations (Mimosa) microsatellite as a co-passenger to Canadian Space Agency's Most on the first "Launch-a-Piggy" (LAP-1) flight on a Rokot KS in October 2002. Built by Space Devices Ltd., Mimosa will study the density of the uppermost levels of the atmosphere.
Editor's note: Eurockot's new customer could be its own shareholder GKNPTs Khrunichev which earlier announced that it would subcontract the launch of two Intersputnik 100M geostationary communication satellites to its subsidiary. These 450-kg spacecraft, based on Khrunichev's new Yakhta bus, will be launched to low Earth orbit and will complete their flight to geostationary orbit using a plasma propulsion system.

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Russia plans to reduce the number of its ballistic missiles by about 30% by 2006, limiting its operational fleet to 500. The reduction would be parallel to a proposed reduction of the number of nuclear warheads to 1,500-2,200 units.

The second test flight of the Ground-Based Interceptor developed by Boeing Missile Systems & Tactical Weapons for the Ground-Based Midcourse Defense Segment (formerly National Missile Defense system) ended in failure about 10 seconds after launch. The three-stage vehicle, based on an Alliant TechSystems GEM-40 solid rocket motor as first stage with two Pratt&Wittney Chemical Systems Division Orbus 2 motors as second and third stages, weered off course shorly after leaving its silo in Vandenberg AFB, California. The flight termination system was activated and the booster crashed in the ocean some 10 km downrange. The 1st Booster Verification Test (BVT-2) flight was successfully conducted on August 31.

Editor's note: The GBI is intended to replace the Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space Payload Launch Vehicle as the primary booster for the Exo-atmospheric Kill Vehicle interception test flights as well as for the operational system. Before this failure the first interception test with the GBI/EKV combination was due in 2003 from the Kwajalein Missile Range. However, the GBI development program is already 16 months beyond schedule and both Orbital Sciences Corp. and Lockheed martin are studying Alternate Boost Vehicles for the EKV to replace Boeing as GBI prime if the current design cannot be developed in time.

U.S. president George Walker Bush has told leaders of the U.S. Congress that he intends to withdraw from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty signed in 1972 with the Soviet Union by mid-2002. An official announcement is expected on December 13 and a formal note will be sent to Russia in January as the treaty requires a six-month notice before abandoning the pact.
Editor's note: The launch of an unarmed Minuteman 3 ballistic missile, presumably to test missile defense tracking radars that would breach the ABM treaty, has been on hold since October and was recently re-mainfested for July 2002.

M51
(EADS-LV)

Both the United States and Russia have reportedly met the disarmament objectives set by the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (Start 1) signed on December 4, 1994. The treaty commanded that within 7 years, the number of ground-based strategic ballistic missiles and nuclear warheads be decreased to 1,600 missiles and 6,000 warheads for each country. The treaty lasts for another 8 years with control teams from each countries visiting the other's facilities to ensure compliance with the regime.
Editor's note: Under the Start 2 treaty Russia and the U.S. will have to reduce further their arsenal to 3,500 warheads.

  
Minuteman 2 and PLV
(U.S. Air Force/LMMS)

Bad weather conditions over the Vandenberg AFB area, in California, have forced the U.S. Air Force to postpone again its fifth interception test for the development of a Ground-Based Midcourse Defense Segment (formerly National Missile Defense system) on behalf of the U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense Organization. A new launch attempt is tentatively planned on December 4 (December 3 PST).

The fifth interception test to be conducted by the U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense Organization for the development of a Ground-Based Midcourse Defense Segment (formerly National Missile Defense system) had to be postponed by 24 hours as high winds over Vandenberg AFB, California, prevented the launch of a refurbished Minuteman 2 ballistic missile which was due to loft a dummy warhead and a decoy balloon to serve as targets for the Raytheon Exo-atmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV). A new launch attempt is tentatively planned on December 3 (December 2 PST).
Editor's note: The test previously slipped from November 29 due to a damage detected on the Minuteman payload fairing. An ablative insulation layer had to be glued back into position.

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People's Liberation Army Daily reports that thousands of technicians and military personnel volunteered to cancel their holidays in order to continue to prepare the launch of the Shenzhou 3 prototype manned spacecraft at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre (JSLC).
Editor's note: This announcement follows a 10-day full scale tracking rehearsal at sea by China's entire fleet of Yuanwang tracking ships.

Editor's note: The success of this test flight, which demonstrated technologies which could be sued on other fiuture manned space systems, was of paramount importance for the team developing the CRV in order to preserve the program from further budget cuts and actual cancellation.

Dismantlement of the NASA/Lockheed Martin X-33 single-stage-to-orbit technology demonstrator has begun at U.S. Air Force Plant 42, in Palmdale, California. Hardware from the ill-fated partly-assembled vehicle, will be dispatched between NASA and subcontractors for use on future programs.
Editor's note: The US$1.2-billion X-33 program was terminated in March. A plan to complete the vehicle on behalf of the U.S. Air Force was shelved in September. Lockheed Martin's highly innovative VentureStar design had been selected in July 1996 against a winged vehicle designed by Rockwell International and McDonnell-Douglas Delta Clipper vertical take-off and landing concept.

NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center will conduct the eighth drop test flight of a X-38 crew return vehicle demonstrator model on December 13. This test flight, the third of Vehicle 131R, is presented as the "highest, fastest and longest" ever conducted and will feature a NASA astronaut, Ken Hamm, remotely piloting the vehicle and its parafoil from a simulated cockpit through an hybrid synthetic vision system combining actual video from the demonstrator and computer generated 3D topography of the landing zone.
Editor's note: Under current revised plans, the X-38 Vehicle 201 would conduct its orbital reentry mission no earlier than January 2005. It would then be refurbished as the first operational CRV and flown to the International Space Station in August 2008.

The launch of NASA's Space Shuttle Endeavour on the STS-108 mission to the International Space Station had to be called off 5 minutes before liftoff due to weather conditions over the Cape Canaveral area in Florida with excessive moisture in the clouds and risks of rain over the thermal protection system during ascent The launch was postponed by 24 hours.
Update: The launch was successfully performed on December 5.

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Lockheed Martin Astronautics has completed the ground testing of the NPO Energomash RD-180 engine for all versions of its Atlas 3 and Atlas 5 families of launchers.

Boeing Rocketdyne's RS-68 cryogenic engine was certified by the U.S. Air Force for use as primary propulsion system for the Common Booster Core stage on Boeing's Delta 4 family of launchers. During its test campaign at NASA's Stennis Space Center, the RS-68 has logged 18,645 seconds of cumuilated burn time in 183 hot firing tests.

Gencorp Aerojet has completed an initial firing test campaign for the ignition and pulsing system it designed for the Reaction Control Engine (RCE), an advanced thruster system under development on behalf of NASA's Space Launch Initiative. RCE's igniter was fired for duration of 5, 10 and 20 seconds. A second series of tests, to be completed in February 2002, will focus on the engine's pulsing system.

Astrium is investing €20 million to build a new production plant for rocket engines in Ottobrunn, Germany. This 10,000-sq.m Ariane Center, to be completed during the third quarter of 2002, will be devoted to the manfacturing of combustion chambers for the Vulcain 2 and Vinci cryogenic engines for the future versions of Ariane 5. This new facility will allow to cut production cycles by 30%.

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Russian teams are evaluating possible sites to establish a spaceport in Venezuela for unspecified small launch vehicles. The study has reportedly been underway since October. Venezuela expects to gain from Russian technologies for remote sensing and develop its own national launch system within 20 years.
Editor's note: Russian projects for nearly equatorial launch sites have been burgeoning recently. In addition to Kourou, French Guiana, and Australia's Christmas Island, a project in Cam Ranh, Vietnam, was reported earlier this month.

Tsyklon 4
(Yuzhnoye/FiatAvio)

GKNPTs Khrunichev is reportedly studying the possibility to build a Universal Launch Platform for its Angara family of launchers in Cam Ranh, an abandoned U.S. airfield in Southern Vietnam (12°N, 109°E). International Launch Services, which plans to market the Angara outside Russia, denies any involvement in the project.
Editor's note: A site in Cam Ranh would allow launches to geostationary transfer orbit with a narrow ground track between Borneo and the Philippines. Since Vietnma is not a signatory of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), the transfer of Russian launch vehicle technology to the site could lead to commercial sanctions by the U.S. State Department. KB Transportnogo Mashinostroeniya (KBTM), the designer of the Angara launch complex, is likely to be involved in the project too.

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The French Prime minister, Lionel Jospin, has announced that Groupe SNPE will be allowed to resume its industrial activities in its chemical plants of the Toulouse area. The plants had ceased activity on September 21 after the explosion of the nearby AZF (Atofina) fertilizer production plant. Groupe SNPE facilities in Toulouse produce monomethyl-hydrazine (MMH) for Ariane 5's upper stage and of ammonium perchlorate for solid propellants. Lionel Jospin estimated that Groupe SNPE's facilities had demonstrated their robustness and will have to comply with new, more restrictive safety regulations.

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Boeing has been awarded an operating license by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission for its proposed Connexion system due to provide two-way broadband communications with aircraft in flight.
Editor's note: Boeing has lost its three partners in the Connexion project - American Airlines, United Airlines and Delta Air Lines - which withdrew from the venture on December 3.

Echostar Corp. plans to invest "at least US$1 billion" in Hughes Electronics' SpaceWay broadband satellite communication system. Hughes has already spent US$1.4 billion in the project.
Editor's note: Three SpaceWay satellites have been ordered from Boeing Satellite Systems. The first one is tentatively set for launch in late 2002 atop a Sea Launch Zenit 3SL vehicle.

Hispasat has selected Astrium as prime contractor for its Amazonas 1 satellite to cover most of Latin America from a Brazilian geostationary slot at 61°W in partnership with Eutelsat. Based on Astrium's Eurostar 3000 bus, Amazonas 1 will carry 36 Ku-band and 27 C-band transponders. Launch is due in the second quarter of 2004 on a launch vehicle yet to be selected.
Editor's note: Total investment for the Amazonas 1 project is €300.5 million, including €240.5 million for satellite development and launch.

BWB, Germany's Federal Office of Defense Technology and Procurement, and OHB-System GmbH have officially signed a €300-million contract for the development, manufacturing and launch of five SAR-Lupe military radar observation satellites. The signing came five days after the budget committee of the Bundestag had agreed to the program financing. The first of the 500-kg satellites is due for launch in early 2005, presumably a top a MKK Kosmotras Dnepr vehicle, with the whole constellation being operational in 2006.
Editor's note: The contract has been confirmed despite announcements of possible legal action by Astrium GmbH which contested the result of the prime contractor selection process estimating that OHB-System's bid included too many non-German companies.

Hong Kong-based APT Satellite Holdings Ltd. has awarded a US$118-million contract to Alcatel Space to build its Apstar 5B communication satellite. Based on Alcatel's Spacebus 4000 bus, Apstar 5B will carry 38 Ku-band and 12 C-band transponders. Apstar 5B will serve either as a backup for Apstar 5 in case it cannot be delivered or launched in time, or as a replacement for the ageing Apstar 1A. APT will contract separately for a launch service.
Editor's note: Apstar 5 was procured in January from Space Systems/Loral and is currently manifested for launch in February 2003 atop a China Great Wall Industry Corp. CZ-3B vehicle provided that the U.S. State Department issues the necessary export licenses. Apstar 1A is a HS-376 built by Hughes Space & Communications (now Boeing Satellite Systems). It will reach the end of its nominal 10-year lifetime in July 2006.

Space Systems/Loral has finalized the contracts for the XTAR EUR and SpainSat X-band military communication satellites it is building for XTAR and Hisdesat. XTAR EUR is due for launch in 2003 and will be located above the Indian Ocean. SpainSat will be launched at 30°W in 2004. Both satellites are based on SS/L's LS-1300 bus.
Editor's note: XTAR is a joint-venture of Loral and Hisdesat which will provide leased communication services to the U.S. Department of Defense and other allied governments. Hisdesat is a Spanish venture led by Hispasat which will provide similar services to the Spanish Ministry of Defense.

The Arab Satellite Communications Organization (Arabsat) is experiencing a major power loss on its Arabsat 3A direct broadcasting satellite. Eight out of the Alcatel-built Spacebus 3000 spacecraft's 20 transponders have been shutdown due to a jammed solar arry mechanism. A US$180-million insurance claim is likely to be filed shortly.
Editor's note: Procurement of a backup Arabsat 3B satellite has been considered since Arabsat 3A's launch in February 1999. A formal study was initiated in January 2001 bu no RfP has been issued yet. If confirmed, this would be the first major in-orbit failure of a Spacebus satellite (31 models successfully launched since 1985 and 130 years of cumulated in-orbit lifetime).

The European Commission has given to the European Union member states until late December to give their final approval for the development of the Galileo global navigation satellite system. Meeting in Brussels, the Transport ministers of the 15 member countries could not reach an unanimous agreement on their €550-million share of the project which is qualified as "strategic for Europe." Galileo is strongly supported by France, Italy and Spain but Austria, Denmark, Great-Britain, the Netherlands and Sweden are reluctant and ask for further market studies. Germany's support to the project is also more cautious. Galileo may be discussed again on December 14/15 during the European summit in Brussels-Laeken.
Editor's note: In November, ESA has approved its own share of the development funding with a €527.87-million budget. Due to delayed funding decisions, Galileo is already one year late on schedule. According to senior EU officials, to be viable, Galileo must be operational by 2008 at the latest, before the introduction of U.S. Air Force's own GPS-3 global positioning system. The €3.6-billion system is expected to generate a US$71-billion market for equipment and services over the next 15 years.

Spain has decided to contribute by 5 to 6% to France's next generation of dual remote sensing satellites Pleiade. The investment will amount to about €4.2 million for the development phase. Designed by CNES as a follow-on to both the civilian Spot and the military Helios systems, the Pleiade constellation of optical observation satellites will be operated in combination with Italy's Skymed/Cosmo radar satellites. Belgium and Sweden have already joined the program.
Editor's note: Spain was already a partner of France in the Helios 1 (5%) and Helios 2 (2.5%) military observation programs.

Boeing's three partnering airlines on the Connexion project for in-flight broadband services - American Airlines, United Airlines and Delta Air Lines - have eventually withdrawn from the venture amid financial difficulties in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks and the resulting crisis in the airline business. Boeing plans to proceed on its own.
Editor's note: Connexion reportedly amounts for more than 50% of the 41 Ku-band transponder use on Loral Skynet do Brasil's Estrela do Sul, the first commercial payload officially manifested on a Boeing Delta 4 vehicle in late 2002.

Asia Satellite Telecommunications Co. Ltd. (Asiasat) is considering the possibility to launch its next satellite, Asiasat 4, without insurance due to the exploding rates and increasing restrictions required by underwriters, according to Space News.
Editor's note: Asiasat 4 is a BSS-601HP satellite built by Boeing Satellite Systems. It is due to fly Lockheed Martin's second Atlas 3B vehicle in May 2002. The launch contract with International Launch Services includes a backup launch capability on a GKNPTs Khrunichev Proton K.

Satelites Mexicanos SA de CV has secured the US$300-million financing for its SatMex 6 satellite tentatively due for launch in early 2003. A manufacturing and launch contracts are expected shortly. The satellite is due to replace the ageing Solidaridad 1. Plans for following satellites, SatMex 7 and 8, have been postponed to 2006.
Editor's note: As SatMex is 75% owned by Loral, the prime for SatMex 6 is expected to be Space Systems/Loral.

Singapore's new Center for Research in Satellite Technologies (CREST), a joint-venture of DSO National Laboratories and Nanyang Technological University (NTU), plans to launch an experimental satellite, tentatively named X-Sat, in 2007. The 120-kg minisatellite would be flown to a 1,000-km-high orbit to perform environmental monitoring and data gathering.
Editor's note: In 1999, NTU provided an experimental communication payload for Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd's UoSat 12 minisatellite.

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The Algerian government has approved a draft presidential decree to establish a national space agency. According to the official statement, "the mastering of space technologies must be among the priorities of the government's action."
Editor's note: Algeria is already involved in the Al Sat 1 satellite project with Great-Britain's Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL). The project is led by the National Space Technology Center (CNTS), based in Arzew, near Oran. The 80-kg spacecraft, to be completed n June 2002, will be part of the SSTL-led Disaster Management Constellation (DMC) project together with identical satellites provided by Great-Britain, China, Nigeria and Thailand. Launch is tentatively set in late 2002, presumably atop a MKK Kosmotras Dnepr launch vehicle. An Al Sat 2 is also in the plans.

Russia will invest about Rbl8.4 billion (US$279 million) in its civilian space program according to Rosaviakosmos, with Rbl1 billion (US$33 million) being devoted to space launches. In addition, Rosaviakosmos and the Russian Ministry of Defense will jointly invest Rbl1.6 billion (US$53 million) to replenish the Glonass global navigation satellite system.

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